Abstract:

The transmission of intact DNA from sperm to the embryo is a critical prerequisite for successful fertilization and embryonic development. Infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss have been linked to high levels of damaged DNA in sperm, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes and childhood morbidity. Studies suggest that up to 80% of male infertility cases may be attributed to sperm DNA damage. This damage is believed to result from abortive apoptosis, initiated during early spermatogenesis but not completed before significant remodeling occurs during spermiogenesis, causing the removal of necessary apoptotic machinery. Additionally, oxidative stress has been identified as another potential cause of DNA damage. Oxidative stress occurs when cells lack sufficient antioxidant capacity to manage the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which includes various highly reactive oxidizing molecules like hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion. The existing World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for sperm evaluation, focused solely on concentration and motility, may need revision. Molecular structure and sperm content are equally crucial factors in assessing a sperm's ability to achieve successful pregnancy outcomes. Numerous studies have highlighted the significance of sperm DNA integrity for successful fertilization and normal embryonic development. As a result, a more comprehensive approach to sperm assessment should be considered in reproductive health evaluations.

Keywords: Sperm DNA, embryonic development, damaged DNA, adverse pregnancy outcomes, male infertility, oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS),  sperm motility.

Abstract:

Infertility, as per the definition provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), is regarded as a disease of the reproductive system. It is characterized by the inability of a couple to achieve a clinical pregnancy even after engaging in regular unprotected sexual intercourse for a period of one year or more. In addition to infertility, there is a related condition known as subfertility. Couples affected by subfertility also face challenges in conceiving, but they take a prolonged time to achieve pregnancy rather than being unable to conceive entirely. Subfertility can be described as reduced fertility, meaning that the chances of conception are lower than expected. However, the encouraging aspect of subfertility is that it is often treatable through various medical interventions. Subfertility is a prevalent issue that affects both males and females, with various underlying factors contributing to the condition. It poses a significant concern for reproductive health, as it can lead to emotional distress, strained relationships, and a desire for medical assistance to fulfil the dream of parenthood. Understanding the causes of subfertility and providing appropriate treatments is crucial to addressing this widespread problem and helping affected couples achieve successful pregnancies.

  Keywords: Infertility, reproductive system, clinical pregnancy, subfertility, reproductive health, emotional distress, strained relationships, medical assistance

Abstract:

A crucial component of development management is ensuring social and environmental safety. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the situation regarding social and environmental safeguards in road projects in the Kathmandu Valley that were supported by the Nepalese government. This study is based on a desk assessment of the safeguards-related policies and frameworks and an analysis of the qualitative information that was gathered about the safeguards-related principles and frameworks. The outcome demonstrates a flagrant disregard for national rules and regulatory frameworks in the execution of road projects supported by the government itself. Like that, no social or environmental safeguards have been employed for such initiatives. The study concludes that safeguard policies are not being implemented in government projects, particularly road developments. The study also concludes that the relevant body in charge of carrying out projects funded by public funds should implement, manage, and monitor policy and legal regulations pertaining to environmental and social protections.

 Keywords: Social Safeguards, Environmental Safeguards, Development Projects, Laws

Abstract:

Although a lot of importance is given to infection control in the dental clinic, it is usually overlooked in the laboratory. This article reviews the various issues of infection control in the fixed prosthodontic laboratory.

 Keywords: Dental laboratory, disinfection, infection control.

Abstract:

In prosthetic dentistry the result is mainly determined by the co-operation within the team: the dentist, the dental technician, and the patient. The technician is more and more involved in the composition and coloring of the dental restorations. In many laboratories a dental unit is available to maximize the co-operation and to involve the patient if necessary. A plea is made to develop protocols to improve the co-operation between dentist and dental technician. At the same time new communication techniques can be used such as digital photography. As the costs are often high a treatment plan and an estimate of expenditure are necessary. It is advised that the dentist asks the technician to submit an offer. The dentist should realize that patients, because of the high costs, often have great expectations of the result, which are not always fulfilled. The fabrication of a fixed prosthesis is influenced by the communication between the dentist and the laboratory technician. Especially for tooth-colored restoration of anterior teeth, the laboratory technician has the difficult task of understanding the shade selected by the dentist and reproducing it in the final restoration. Conventional shade analysis techniques using the Vita shade guide often result in subjective analysis and a resultant miscommunication of color. Over the years, many different techniques including picture-taking, drawing of diagrams, and using multiple shade guides have been formulated to help overcome this problem. Recently, digital shade analysis systems have been designed to eliminate the subjectivity of color analysis and provide precise information for laboratory buildup and fabrication. However, even these techniques have not completely erased the difficulties involved in communicating the choice of the proper shade for tooth-colored restoration. Many dentists are only familiar with techniques they were taught in dental school and/or their residency program, and they are unaware of other, superior methods that can be used. This review introduces various shade analysis systems that can be performed in dental clinical practice. Further, it highlights the importance of communication between the dentist, technician, and patient for the fabrication and delivery of aesthetic restorations.

  Keywords: Fixed Dental Prosthesis, Dental Laboratory, Communication, Dental laboratory technicians, dentist and technician responsibilities, work authorization.

Abstract:

Thyroid hormone is a central regulator of body hemodynamics for thermoregulation and metabolism. This study was conducted to find out the effect of thyroid hormone (T3,T4,TSH) on some electrolytes and minerals (Calcium, Magnesium , Phosphorus , Sodium and Potassium levels on blood. One hundred and forty-five cases of overt hypothyroidism were chosen from the first June 2018 to the first of January 2019 the were attending to Baghdad Teaching Hospital and (one hundred and forty-five subjects used as control group), gender and age was matched . Control was chosen also from the same place,  blood samples were collected from them ( then T3,T4,TSH, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sodium and Potassium levels were measured for them. Result showed that the levels of Magnesium and Phosphorus minerals were significantly raised in the of hypothyroidism patients in comparison with the control group (P<0.001). Sodium and Calcium levels were significantly lower in patients in comparison with the control group (P<0.001). However, Serum potassium showed lower levels in patients with hypothyroid compared with the control group with no important difference (P>0.005), also when analyzed the data a statistically found a significant positive correlation between them. In this study, Hypothyroidism patients have ion disorders in their blood, like low (sodium & potassium) and elevated magnesium and mineral phosphorus levels.

  Keywords: Thyroid hormone, T 3, T4, TSH, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sodium and Potassium. 

Abstract:

In this review, we concerted on define the oxazepine derivatives as heterocyclic compounds and non-aromatic cyclic. The Oxazepine have been different types such as 1,2-oxazepine, 1,3-oxazepine and 1,4-oxazepine depending on position of nitrogen and oxygen in his structure. Oxazepine have a wide range of application in medical field or industry field and can prepare by simple procedures. Finally, we showed the researchers that prepared Oxazepine derivatives and its application.

  Keywords: Oxazepine, Heterocyclic, Synthesis, Applications.

Abstract:

In this review, several fields of the biological sciences obviously include heterocyclic molecules. These molecules carry out several essential functions in biology, medicine, and technology. One or more heteroatoms may be found in the structure of heterocyclic compounds. They might have cyclic or non-cyclic properties. Heterocyclic compounds are used in a variety of applications. The majority of newly synthesized or extracted biologically active heterocyclic compounds are included in this review.

  Keywords: Heterocyclic, Biological activity, Organic chemistry, Medicine.

Abstract:

Infertility is a multifaceted condition influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The significant role of abnormal epigenetic mechanisms in its development provides valuable insights into understanding its underlying causes and associated clinical manifestations. Investigating these mechanisms becomes particularly crucial in cases of unknown origin, such as idiopathic infertility, to accurately pinpoint the sources of the condition. The increasing prevalence of infertility in modern times underscores the impact of lifestyle decisions, environmental pollutants, and the advancing age of couples during conception. These factors collectively contribute to the complex pathology of infertility by potentially influencing an individual's epigenetic configuration. Central to epigenetic control is DNA methylation, a regulatory process that dictates gene activation within specific cellular contexts. Throughout embryonic development, epigenetic reprogramming shapes the trajectory of cells, exerting precise control over gene expression as cells differentiate. Additionally, it plays essential roles in determining sex, upholding genomic stability, and establishing parent-specific patterns in imprinted genes. Throughout gametogenesis and fertilization, epigenetic regulation guides cell differentiation, molds cellular destinies, and governs gene activity. Understanding these intricate epigenetic intricacies provides deep insights into the complex molecular underpinnings of infertility. 

  Keywords: Infertility, epigenetic mechanisms, idiopathic infertility, lifestyle choices, environmental pollutants, DNA methylation.

Abstract:

Dimethoate, deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos are three of widely used organophosphorus insecticides in agriculture. The irrational use of Dimethoate, deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos in Libya play a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals, and the environment. The present work was conducted to investigate the alterations in haematological factors and biochemical parameters  in male rabbits after orally administration a single dose of dimethoate (DM) by gavage at a dose of 43.2 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of DM) lethal dose, deltamethrin by gavage at a dose of 1.28 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of DM) lethal dose and chlorpyrifos by gavage at a dose of 33.3 mg/kg B.W/day (1/50 of CPF) lethal dose for 12-week.Twenty Male Rabbits weighting(1.891 ± 27.6 Kg),  were divided into four groups with 5 animals in each, first group served as control animals, they received 5 ml of corn oil, while animals in second group received Dimethoate, animals in third group received of deltamethrin and animals in fourth  group received of chlorpyrifos. Results obtained showed that all pesticide significantly (P < 0.05) increased the levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and calcium (Ca). On the other hand, the phosphor (P) was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased.

  Keywords: Chlorpyrifos, Dimethoate, deltamethrin, lipid profile, minerals, and rabbits. 

Abstract:

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic medical condition characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose that arises due to either failure to produce sufficient insulin or increased body cells' resistance to insulin. While there has been an evaluation of the risks and benefits associated with glycemic control in renal patients, this study seeks to explore alternative approaches to managing hyperglycemia and their anticipated outcomes. The search terms "Diabetes mellitus" and "renal failure," along with "diabetes therapy" and "oral antidiabetics," were employed in this review. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed and the Cochrane Library, covering studies from January 1980 to January 2020, focusing on oral hypoglycemic medications and agents, as well as the Modified Endocrine Model. In addressing the diabetic management of patients with kidney disease, the researchers endeavored to incorporate relevant modifications, emphasizing a cost-free approach wherever possible. This involved manipulating insulin levels, glucose transport, and digestion, and inducing hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using the renal chimera. Additionally, the decline in renal function impacted the independence, absorption, utilization, excretion, and digestion of antidiabetic drugs and insulin, necessitating regular assessments. The effective management of hyperglycemia in individuals with advanced diabetic kidney disease requires the expertise of healthcare professionals. To achieve optimal glycemic control and effectively manage hyperglycemia in these patients, healthcare providers of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other caregivers should receive orientation and training in this specialized form of therapy. Despite the importance of meticulous attention to detail in managing these patients, there is a lack of comprehensive regulations governing this aspect of care.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Glycemic Control; Chronic Kidney Disease; Management; Anti-Diabetic 

Abstract:

During 2019, SARS-CoV-2 the global pandemic occurs in Wuhan city of China. On June 2020, more than ten million people affected with COVID-19. This virus spread through air especially in crowded, poorly ventilated public places. SARS-CoV-2 deactivates normal immune responses result in respiratory tract impairment and may cause pneumonia. Cough, high temperature, and haemoptysis are main symptoms. COVID-19 damage involves neurological illnesses, hepatocellular injury, arrhythmia, and gastro-intestinal symptoms. Other organs affected by this virus are kidney and heart. ACE2, the cell surface receptor plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE2 and TMPRSS 2 receptors to initiate viral invasion. A high expression of ACE-2 has detected in testis particularly, seminiferous tubules cells and sperms in addition to Sertoli cell and Leydig cell. Thus, spermatogenesis process could be disrupted, give rise to male infertility. Previous studies confirm that orchitis is a consequence of SARS-CoV. Recently the effect of this virus on the reproductive system received a considerable attention.

Keywords: COVID-19, infertility, immune response, orchitis, inflammation