Abstract:

The study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Aloe Vera gel against some human pathogenic bacterial strains isolated from patients. Aloe Vera gel was extracted from fresh leaves of Aloe vera plants, isolated bacteria were Pseudomonas, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Data showed that all pathogenic strains were inhibited by Aloe vera gel extract. The inhibition zone of Aloe vera gel was 4.5, 4.4 and 5.3 cm, Aloe vera oil was 6.3, 6.4 and 6.2 cm, while ciprofloxacin (30 mcg) treatments ranged from 7.3, 7.4 and 7.0 cm and ofloxacin (5 mcg) was 5.3,4.2 and 6.4 for Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and E. coli, respectively.

Keywords: Oleo vera gel; oleo vera oil; Staphylococcus; Pseudomonas and E. coli; well diffusion methods.

Abstract:

The most active therapeutics drugs are antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to treat verity of infectious diseases. However, a wide range of antibiotics have been developed since 1910. The mechanisms of action of antibiotics includes: inhibition of protein synthesis such as tetracyclines and chloramphenicol or DNA synthesis inhibitors that inhibit folic acid synthesis like sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones in addition to antibiotics that inhibits bacteria‘s cell wall synthesis; like β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin’s and cephalosporins. The discovery of penicillin considered as the most substantial scientific discovery of the 20th century. However, penicillin is a heavy used in medicine for many years to treat infectious disease. The results of this study revealed that injection of low doses of penicillin to mice causes significant histological alterations on kidney structure, including degenerative and necrosis of kidney glomeruli with widened urinary space, atrophy of glomerulus tuff and rupture of Bowman's capsule, while renal interstitial showed degenerative and necrosis, deformed proximal renal tubules and widened distal renal tubules, along with hyalinization of these tubules. Renal vessels showed dilatation, congestion of renal capillaries with hyalinization of its wall. Excessive tubulointerstitial inflammation with extensive interstitial vacuolation also investigated. The results of current study concluded that the histopathological changes of renal tissues reflect the toxicity of penicillin on kidney parenchyma. In fact, nephrotoxicity frequently leads to termination of clinical trials and drug withdrawals.

Keywords: Kidney, antibiotics, penicillin, β-lactam antibiotics, reactive oxygen species.

Abstract:

This paper aims to making different shaded brown finished leather by a single retanning agent in an ecofriendly approach, myself i.e., without the use of any brown dye either toxic or non-toxic and no free formaldehyde releases from the finished leather, so the properties of this retanning agent are claimed not only as an excellent synthetic tanning agent but a good replacement of any brown dye, simultaneously in an environment friendly tactic. It’s uses may give possible functions in leather industry as an environmentally friendly approach to leather tanning/dyeing, thereby eliminating the use of any brown dye, eliminating the conventional dyeing process, by the formation of different brown colored finished leather in leather processing, i.e., it showed the performance as a synthetic tanning agent and a brown dye at the same time. In other words, it claims to be an excellent alternative/replacement to the brown dye as its use in leather processing creates leathers in pleasant light to dark brown shades also a good synthetic tanning agent; for example, the leather produced after its application is the good quality brown color leather with the quality of fullness, softness, light fastness, grain tightness and with no dye. On carrying out chemical analysis of these leathers showed low impact or negligible formaldehyde. It can be used in nappa, sole and garment leather. When catechol is reacted with formaldehyde in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid, subsequently converted into a condensation product. We carried out its preparation and application on wet blue leather, resulting in the production of the different brown shaded leathers. In this manner, this process development of retanning agent resulted not only a good synthetic tanning agent but also an alternate for brown dye and a significant blockade of free formaldehyde, i.e., the leather showed the concentrations of formaldehyde varying from negligible values to safe limit values.

Keywords: Leather; Retanning Agent; Dye; Ecofriendly.

Abstract:

Despite widespread awareness of antimicrobial resistance, there remains a public impression of antibiotic efficacy and simple access to medications for self-limiting diseases. Financial incentives, a lack of diagnostic capacity, and fears about complications all influence how doctors prescribe.

Keywords: Antibiotics; Jordanian people; Misuse of Antibiotics.

Abstract:

Many of the early nuclear facilities were designed and constructed in the world. The design and construction of these stations did not consider many of the necessary standards, this could cause the emergence of many uncontrollable risks. Determining the location of the nuclear power plant is considered one of the most central criteria in the decision to establish nuclear power plants, as the selection of the location requires a comprehensive review of all the influences that may affect the nuclear plant. This paper will review the criteria for locating nuclear power plants and contemporary developments which can be considered in the appropriate decisions - making process to determine the appropriate sites for the construction of nuclear power plants. To achieve the objectives of this study, a review of the nuclear events that occurred from the use of nuclear weapons in 1945 AD to the Ukrainian crisis in 2022 will be conducted. Through these reviews, the most important criteria will be inferred and with an indication of the timeline for the emergence of these criteria and what new criteria can be added in the process of building and determining the location of the nuclear plants.

Keywords: Nuclear Power Plants; Nuclear Accidents; Ukrainian Crisis; Hierarchical Model.