Abstract:

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of teaching according to Cognitive Load Theory on improving learning outcomes and sustainable cognitive retention in chemistry among upper basic stage female students in Jordan. The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach based on a two-equivalent-group design (experimental and control), with pre-tests, immediate post-tests, and delayed post-tests.The study sample consisted of 60 ninth-grade female students from Sama Al-Sarhan Secondary School for Girls, affiliated with the Directorate of Education of the North Western Badia, during the second semester of the 2025/2026 academic year. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (30 students) that studied the "Chemical Reactions" unit using four strategies derived from Cognitive Load Theory, and a control group (30 students) that studied the same unit using the conventional method.The researcher developed an achievement test consisting of 25 objective and essay items, after verifying its validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.91). It was administered as a pre-test to ensure equivalence, as an immediate post-test to measure learning outcomes, and as a delayed post-test (after eight weeks) to measure sustainable cognitive retention.The results showed statistically significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) between the mean scores of the two groups in favor of the experimental group on both the immediate and delayed post-tests, with a high effect size (Eta squared η² = 0.68). The study recommended adopting the principles of Cognitive Load Theory when designing science curricula and training chemistry teachers in cognitive-load management skills.

Keywords: Cognitive Load Theory, Learning Outcomes, Sustainable Cognitive Retention, Chemistry Teaching, Upper Basic Stage.

Abstract:

Hydrogen is widely regarded as one of the most promising energy carriers for the future, and a wide variety of production methods have been developed to meet the growing global demand for clean energy. Therefore, a comprehensive review of these methods and the associated research is essential for developing a future vision that integrates hydrogen production with renewable energy technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). This study presents a comprehensive review and critical analysis of recent research on three major hydrogen production methods, representing the historical evolution and continuous advancement of hydrogen production technologies: Acidic Corrosion of Metals, Thermal Decomposition of Water, and Thermochemical Water Splitting. Based on this analysis, the study highlights current challenges, identifies future research directions, and recommends expanding investigations into hydrogen production systems powered by renewable energy as the primary thermal energy source while incorporating AI to enhance system intelligence, efficiency, and optimization. Furthermore, the study proposes conceptual prototypes illustrating how renewable energy and AI can be integrated into each of the three hydrogen production methods, providing a forward-looking framework for the development of next-generation intelligent hydrogen production systems.

 Keywords: Hydrogen Production, Acidic Corrosion of Metals, Thermal Decomposition of Water, Thermochemical Water Splitting, Artificial Intelligence.

Abstract:

Choline and betaine are essential donor substrate for fetal central nervous system growth and development due to neurotransmitter Acetyl choline and phosphatidylcholine synthesis, whereas betaine methylation was an important pathway for the hippocampus physiological action, which are necessary as emerging evidence supported role as an intracellular second messenger acts on nicotinic receptor, due to the non-opioid intracellular receptor has been a high affinity for choline. When the foods derived from animal sources, such as eggs with red meat are the richest dietary sources for choline, while decreased consumption of these foods was associated with elevated risk factors for Memory impairment, Intellectual Disability, Learning Difficulty, Attention Deficit, Motor deregulations, Cognitive Impairment, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other chronic conditions, which raises concerns about their promotion for choline adequacy. This review aimed to evaluate the evidence for choline intake adequacy of health outcomes across the nervous system in children older than 3 years. The scientific literature published after 2015 was reviewed to investigate the choline with betaine requirements in the nutrient interactions and the physiological role of choline supplementation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in pregnancy outcomes were considered. This results indicated that choline present in lipid as VLDL-c carrier and serves as a methyl donor after oxidation to betaine, both to gathers are considered the cornerstone for supporting memory, attention, and learning due to be the primary precursor was involved in the synthesis for the acetylcholine and enhances the neural action of contributes to improving cognitive performance with motor coordination, and learning speed and concentration strength in children older than 4 years of age due to reduced intake of eggs, and meat along time with supplementation for pregnancy trimesters' and birth, could be promoting the physiological functions adequacy and support more favorable health outcomes for children.

Keywords: choline with betaine, Hippocampus, children, learning difficulty.